刘少奇 2nd In office 27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968 Premier Vice President and Leader () Preceded by Succeeded by (acting) 1st of the of the In office September 15, 1954 – April 28, 1959 Preceded by Position Created Succeeded by 1st In office 28 September 1956 – 1 August 1966 Chairman Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Member of the In office 15 September 1954 – 21 October 1968 Constituency At-large Personal details Born ( 1898-11-24)24 November 1898,, Died 12 November 1969 (1969-11-12) (aged 70),, China Nationality Political party Spouse(s). Liu Shaoqi and, 1939 Liu was publicly acknowledged as Mao's chosen successor in 1961; however, by 1962 his opposition to Mao's policies had led Mao to mistrust him. After Mao succeeded in restoring his prestige during the 1960s, Liu's eventual downfall became 'inevitable'. Liu's position as the second-most powerful leader of the CPC contributed to Mao's rivalry with him at least as much as Liu's political beliefs or factional allegiances in the 1960s, indicating that Liu's later persecution was the result of a power struggle that went beyond the goals and well-being of either China or the Party. Liu Shaoqi in June 1966, the first year of the Cultural Revolution By 1966, few senior leaders in China questioned the need for a widespread reform to combat the growing problems of corruption and bureaucratisation within the Party and the government. With the goal of reforming the government to be more efficient and true to the Communist ideal, Liu himself chaired the enlarged Politburo meeting that officially began the. However, Liu and his political allies quickly lost control of the Cultural Revolution soon after it was called, when Mao used the movement to progressively monopolize political power and to destroy his perceived enemies.
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Whatever its other causes, the Cultural Revolution, declared in 1966, was overtly pro-Maoist, and gave Mao the power and influence to purge the Party of his political enemies at the highest levels of government. Along with closing China's schools and universities, and Mao's exhortations to young Chinese to randomly destroy old buildings, temples, and art, and to attack their teachers, school administrators, party leaders, and parents, the Cultural Revolution also increased Mao's prestige so much that entire villages adopted the practice of offering prayers to Mao before every meal. In both national politics and Chinese popular culture, Mao established himself as a demigod accountable to no one, purging any that he suspected of opposing him and directing the masses and 'to destroy virtually all state and party institutions'. After the Cultural Revolution was announced, most of the most senior members of the CPC who had voiced any hesitation in following Mao's direction, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were removed from their posts almost immediately; and, with their families, subjected to mass criticism and humiliation. Liu and Deng, along with many others, were denounced as '. Liu was labeled as a 'traitor' and 'the biggest capitalist roader in the Party'; he was displaced as by in July 1966.
By 1967, Liu and his wife were placed under house arrest in Beijing. Liu was removed from all his positions and expelled from the Party in October 1968.
After his arrest, Liu disappeared from public view. Vilification, death and rehabilitation [ ] Liu was beaten regularly at public denunciation meetings after his arrest in 1967.
He was denied medicine for his diabetes, by then a long-term illness, and for pneumonia, which he developed after his arrest. Liu was eventually given treatment only when feared he would die; she desired that Liu be kept alive to serve as a 'living target' during the in 1969. At the Congress, Liu was denounced as a traitor and an enemy agent. Zhou Enlai read the Party verdict that Liu was 'a criminal traitor, enemy agent and scab in the service of the imperialists, modern revisionists and the Kuomintang reactionaries'. Liu's conditions did not improve after he was denounced in the Congress, and he died soon afterward. In a memoir written by Liu's principal physician, he disputed the alleged medical maltreatment of Liu during his last days. According to Dr.
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Gu Qihua, there was a dedicated medical team in charge of treating Liu's illness; between July 1968 and October 1969, Liu had seven total occurrences of pneumonia due to his deteriorating immune system, and there had been a total of 40 group consultations by top medical professionals regarding the treatment of this disease. Liu was closely monitored daily by the medical team, and they made the best effort given the adverse circumstance. He died of illness on November 12, 1969, and was cremated next day. In February 1980, two years after came to power, the Fifth Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the 'Resolution on the Rehabilitation of Comrade Liu Shaoqi'. The resolution declared Liu's ouster to be unjust and removed the labels of 'renegade, traitor and scab' that had been attached to him at the time of his death. It also declared him to be 'a great Marxist and proletarian revolutionary' and recognized him as one of the principal leaders of the Party.
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